Combating Poverty and Suffering in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Multifaceted Approach

16 min readOct 4, 2017

Africa, often regarded as the cradle of humanity, continues to face persistent poverty despite its rich cultural heritage and historical significance. The continent, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, struggles with ongoing political instability, civil unrest, and economic challenges, which contribute to widespread poverty. This report examines the far-reaching consequences of poverty on both individuals and societal development, with a particular focus on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It also critically assesses global efforts to address this issue, emphasizing the need for increased awareness, collaboration, and sustained action on the international stage.

Following two decades of unprecedented economic growth within Africa recent studies have shown that 40% of people living within the continent today are still living under the severe dimensions of unconditional ‘poverty’. This truth can be noted as of the twenty poorest countries in the world at present new-fangled studies have made known that that nineteen of these states reside within the expanse of Africa. As a result of this veracity we are forced to ask ourselves, what is it that makes Sub-Saharan Africa one of the poorest constituencies in the world today, and what can be done to alleviate the people of these nations from the coercions of this anguish? Consequentially as a result of this actuality in this report, I will be providing an example concerning the effects of this quandary upon the populace of the Democratic Republic of Congo. I will then secondly discuss the effects poverty has had on the process of development in not only the DRC but also Africa. In addition, I will then thirdly elaborate on the efficacy of the measures put in place to assuage this calamity. I will then conclude this report with my own opinion about the communal dimensions brought about by this occurrence as well as discuss several recommendations to assuage this predicament.

What is Poverty?

Poverty is a multifaceted concept that encompasses a lack of money, material possessions, or essential services. While poverty is often discussed in terms of individuals, it can also apply to entire nations. In the social sciences, poverty is typically defined as the inability to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. It is a complex issue, shaped by various social, economic, and political factors that vary across different contexts.

‘Absolute poverty’ refers to the most extreme form, where individuals cannot attain the minimum level of physical health necessary for survival (Bandera, 2017, p.3). In contrast, ‘relative poverty’ describes a situation where individuals or groups live below a standard of living considered acceptable by their society or government (Capasso and Carrillo, 2012, p.10).

What is Development?

Development refers to the process of growth, progress, and positive transformation across various dimensions, including physical, economic, social, and environmental changes. The ultimate goal of development is to improve the quality of life for individuals and communities, through collective efforts. This process seeks not only to increase local and regional income and employment but also to build human resources and capacity. Importantly, development should be achieved in a way that does not deplete or harm natural resources, benefiting both individuals and nation-states alike (Sid-Israel.org, 2017, p.1).

The process of development also requires long-term visibility, even if its benefits are not always immediately apparent. One key aspiration is to establish systems that promote sustainable growth, particularly in weaker states (Sid-Israel.org, 2017, p.1). The international focus on development as a means to improve human society began in the second half of the 20th century, driven by a deeper understanding of the collective monetary, societal, and environmental implications of a high quality of life. However, experts such as Jeffrey Sachs and Paul Collier argue that “poverty traps” — factors like civil war, resource conflicts, and endemic poverty — can significantly hinder development. According to their theory, addressing these social conditions is essential for fostering development (Sid-Israel.org, 2017, p.2).

Brief History of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Africa, while being one of the most impoverished regions globally, is a melting pot of diverse philosophies and untapped potential. This is evident in the history and resilience of the Congolese people, who, despite abandoning a socialist ideology, continue to seek prosperity in the present day.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is located along the equator in Sub-Saharan Africa, covering an area of approximately 342,000 square kilometers and housing a population of around 78 million people (Rotsky, 2017, p.2). The region was first explored by Pierre de Brazza in 1880, who named it the French Congo after negotiating a treaty with the Mchoko people of the Butcke. Over time, the region’s political landscape has been marked by conflict and instability, leading to several name changes. Initially known as the French Mayon Congo and later as French Equatorial Africa, the territory underwent further transformation as the Zaire regime took control.

Following the dissolution of the Zaire regime and the country’s transition to independence, the DRC adopted a market economy and became the nation we know today. Unfortunately, a range of factors over the past few decades has contributed to widespread poverty and hindered development in the DRC (International Monetary Fund, 2010, p.1).

Moreover as a result of the extreme poverty within this region there is a ever increasing prevalence with regard to the spread of ailment reminiscent of HIV and AIDS in addition to a notable decline in school enrolment (Mercy Corps, 2017, p.4).Furthermore, the country has a 45 percent inoculation rate for one of the most commonly known diseases within the region, Malaria. The populace of this region experience extreme levels of not only anguish and suffering but a lack of access to both clean drinPoverty within the Democratic Republic of Congo

Despite its vast natural resources, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) continues to struggle with the consequences of a series of devastating conflicts that began in the 1990s, which have left its economy and social environment in disarray (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.1). The political landscape of the DRC has been marred by instability and turmoil. Joseph Kabila, the country’s president since 2006, has remained in power due to the postponement of presidential and parliamentary elections, primarily because of issues with an outdated electoral register (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.2). This lack of political structure and sustainability has contributed significantly to the persistent poverty in the DRC. Many scholars argue that the absence of a stable government is a key driver of the poverty experienced by the Congolese population (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.3).

Efforts to address the ongoing crisis have been made by both the African Union, under the facilitation of Eden Koda, and the Congolese episcopate (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.4), though substantial progress remains elusive.

The Dimensions of Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The DRC is not only one of the poorest countries in the world today, but it is also the site of one of humanity’s deadliest conflicts since World War II — the so-called “African World War” (Our Africa, 2017, p.4). This conflict was fueled by the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, where discriminatory violence against the Tutsi population, orchestrated by Hutu leaders, escalated into widespread mass murder. The genocide and its aftermath significantly destabilized the region, transforming the DRC into a nation devastated by poverty, conflict, and war.

Recent history in the DRC has been marked by misgovernance, violent conflict, and catastrophic humanitarian crises (Mercy Corps, 2017, p.2). As the population in Africa continues to grow, the number of people suffering from malnutrition and food insecurity in the DRC increases at an alarming rate, exacerbated by poor governance that undermines agricultural development. Despite efforts to restore stability both within the country and internationally, the Congolese people continue to face dire humanitarian conditions due to ongoing conflict, insecurity, and a general lack of development (International Monetary Fund, 2010, p.3).

Currently, 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, with many facing extreme food insecurity and malnutrition (Mercy Corps, 2017, p.1). The civil wars that have ravaged the country have left much of the nation’s infrastructure in ruins, further compounding the scale of poverty and the need for immediate international intervention (Bandera, 2017, p.1).

Despite its wealth of natural resources — 80 million acres of arable land and over 11,000 different minerals — the DRC remains one of the poorest nations globally. This paradox can be attributed to the lasting effects of a century-long conflict that not only devastated the country’s infrastructure but also severely undermined education and basic services (Rotsky, 2017, p.2).

The devastating impact of high poverty rates in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is evident in several alarming indicators. For instance, the country has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world, with one in seven newborns dying before the age of five. Additionally, child labor is widespread, with 25% of children aged 5 to 14 already working to support their families (Rotsky, 2017, p.2). These sobering statistics reflect the deep-rooted nature of poverty in the DRC and emphasize the urgent need for both domestic and international intervention to address this crisis.

The primary causes of the DRC’s abnormally high poverty rate are multifaceted. Political instability and corruption, particularly within the mining industry, have played a significant role in exacerbating the nation’s economic challenges (Mercy Corps, 2017, p.1). The country’s tumultuous history, including its troubled transition from a Marxist government, has contributed greatly to its ongoing economic instability. Furthermore, after the DRC adopted a market economy, a series of economic mismanagement, military coups, and the brutal conflicts of the 1990s further entrenched the nation’s economic woes.

Compounding the situation, large portions of the country remain under the control of militia groups. During the peak of the conflicts, one-third of the DRC’s population was displaced, further exacerbating the already dire humanitarian situation (Mercy Corps, 2017, p.3). These interwoven factors have left the country in a precarious state, with little infrastructure, ongoing violence, and a lack of effective governance. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that includes both political reform and substantial international support.

Disease and Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo

In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), fewer than a quarter of the population has access to adequate sanitation facilities, and an even smaller percentage has reliable access to clean drinking water. This harsh reality contributes to the prevalence of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, bilharzia, and cholera, which are widespread throughout the region (Our Africa, 2017, p.1). Cholera outbreaks occur annually in the DRC, with 3% of those infected ultimately dying due to inadequate treatment, a direct consequence of the extreme poverty that hinders access to healthcare (Our Africa, 2017, p.1).

However, the most significant health threat in the DRC remains malaria. In 2009 alone, there were over 6.7 million cases of malaria, and two out of every five deaths were attributed to this disease (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.2). Amid ongoing poverty and conflict, families continue to struggle for survival, with escalating numbers of orphans and children living in dire conditions. An estimated 4 million children are currently living on the streets in the DRC, trapped in the devastating cycle of absolute poverty, unable to escape the compounded challenges of war, disease, and deprivation (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.2).

These grim realities highlight the critical intersection of disease and poverty in the DRC, where inadequate healthcare, poor living conditions, and lack of access to basic services perpetuate the suffering of its most vulnerable populations. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive solutions that address both health and poverty, with a focus on improving infrastructure, healthcare access, and stability.

Efforts to Alleviate Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo

After enduring decades of turmoil and conflict, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is now witnessing gradual progress toward the transformation it so desperately needs. A significant part of this progress can be credited to the Nouvelle Esperance (New Hope) program, which was implemented in the early 2000s. Through this initiative, the DRC has managed to restore a modest degree of peace and stability (Mercy Corps, 2017, p.1). In September 2000, the country joined 192 other member states at the United Nations and adopted the Millennium Declaration, committing to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This agreement set out clear objectives aimed at improving global human development, eradicating extreme poverty, and fostering social equity (Our Africa, 2017, p.2). The DRC’s participation in this global effort signifies its dedication to achieving sustainability, both within the country and in partnership with the international community (International Monetary Fund, 2010, p.2).

The Millennium Development Goals focus on addressing critical development challenges such as the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, promoting education, and reducing maternal and infant mortality rates. Specific measures include the redistribution of medical resources, such as ARVs to combat HIV/AIDS. Alongside these efforts, the African Development Bank has introduced programs aimed at alleviating the poverty affecting the region, focusing on long-term economic development and poverty reduction (Capasso & Carrillo, 2012, p.3).

Another key approach to alleviating poverty is the rebuilding of economic relationships between communities that have been ravaged by violence. By fostering mutual economic benefits across ethnic, social, and geographic lines, efforts to create a more unified Africa have begun. Countries like Rwanda and Uganda have already initiated projects aimed at fostering such cooperation. Additionally, the international community must ensure that more revenues from the region’s abundant natural resources are retained locally, which could help generate the internal revenue needed to support the poverty-stricken populations (Mercy Corps, 2017, p.3).

The Department for International Development (DFID), a leading British government agency, plays an essential role in combating global poverty. DFID supports long-term programs aimed at tackling the root causes of poverty in the Global South, including education, gender equality, and child health. It is also part of a global effort to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger. Similarly, the World Bank is also seen as a crucial partner in the fight against poverty in the DRC. The World Bank has been working to improve living standards through projects focused on education, healthcare, energy, and other essential social services (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.3). Since re-engaging with the DRC in 2001, the World Bank has shifted its strategy from emergency relief to a focus on sustainable growth, aiming to help the country achieve long-term economic stability (Worldbank.org, 2017, p.3).

These multi-faceted efforts from both national and international actors are crucial to addressing the root causes of poverty in the DRC. While progress is being made, much work remains to ensure that poverty, conflict, and disease are eradicated, and that the country can achieve lasting stability and prosperity.

Global Aid and Partnership in Addressing Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The World Bank’s action plan for the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) currently comprises 24 projects and 57 trust funds. Despite a commitment of $2.51 billion aimed at poverty alleviation, only 42% of the resources have been distributed thus far. This financial support is spread across several sectors, with 63% of the funds allocated to improving infrastructure, including road and rail networks, energy, urban development, and water supply. The World Bank’s current Country Assistance Strategy, set to be completed this year, has been evaluated as both a performance and learning review by international observers. The plan has contributed significantly to public health improvements, such as the successful eradication of polio, enhanced access to healthcare, and a reduction in maternal mortality due to vaccination campaigns and the provision of essential medications (World Bank, 2017).

In addition to healthcare improvements, the Global Partnership for Education, also managed by the World Bank, has played a key role in addressing educational challenges in the DRC. This initiative has increased access to education and promoted equity by rehabilitating 728 out of 825 classrooms across the country. The program has also invested $20 million in procuring educational materials, including textbooks for French, Mathematics, Civic Education, and Science. Furthermore, 35 technological resource centers have been established to support service learning, helping to equip students and educators with vital tools for modern education.

To foster national capacity-building, the Société Nationale d’Électricité (SNEL), supported by the World Bank, has implemented performance contracts with the government. These contracts have led to the recruitment of technical experts, the creation of new executive boards, and service agreements with Manitoba Hydro International. These efforts have resulted in a 30% increase in revenue and a more sustainable electricity supply, contributing to the country’s development (Capasso & Carrillo, 2012, p.4).

The World Bank’s financing has also played a crucial role in rehabilitating the G2 Unit at Inga — the DRC’s first hydroelectric plant — adding 55 megawatts to the national grid. Additionally, World Bank funding has helped develop a fibre optic network for the Inga-Kalwezi-Kassumbalessa transmission line, further expanding the country’s energy infrastructure (World Bank, 2017, p.1).

Sponsors for DRC development efforts are coordinated through the Donors Coordination Group, which aims to strengthen communication channels between the DRC government and its citizens. This group fosters mutual cooperation, aligning development objectives and facilitating streamlined partnerships for aid. The United Nations and the World Bank are key participants in this group, playing an essential role in advancing demobilization, education, and healthcare initiatives across the country (World Bank, 2017, p.2).

Social protection efforts in the DRC are also supported by the World Bank Group (WBG) in partnership with UNICEF and USAID. Together, these organizations have helped the government establish a system to monitor and improve the quality of public services, particularly in child protection. Financial support from countries like the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium has further strengthened the DRC’s capacity for public financial management and administrative support activities (Capasso & Carrillo, 2012, p.2).

These global efforts reflect the continued commitment to poverty alleviation in the DRC, focusing on long-term, sustainable development across key sectors such as education, health, infrastructure, and governance. While substantial progress has been made, ongoing collaboration among international partners, local governments, and civil society is essential to achieving lasting prosperity for the DRC’s population.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Hence fourth in conclusion it is my personal opinion that the integration of good welfare within the Democratic Republic of Congo as well as social services are key characteristics with regard to alleviating citizens within this region. Social services are vital factors with regard to the maintenance of nation-states internal involuntary processes, these mechanisms’ consist of law enforcement, medical aid as well as environmental cluster organisations. Additionally the global community could help alleviate poverty in not only the Democratic Republic of Congo but Africa as a collective through the increased promotion of donations with regard to both charitable organisations and international aid agencies. With the help of greater funding these establishments will be able to not only address poverty on a larger scale but increase their sphere of influence with regard to recruitment. Moreover poverty in the DRC can be assuaged through aiding these nations’ technological advancements. It is my personal belief that by the Congolese people having better technology they will not only be able to find cheaper ways to generate power but escape the dimensions of poverty. Furthermore in order to amend the long-term cycle of environmental, social and industrial deficiency within this region the government can promote tree planting programmes, adult literacy programmes as well as the offering of small loans to villages. Education is an essential characteristic of alleviating human society as a consequence of this veracity it is my belief that by promoting equal education amongst males and females within the Democratic Republic of Congo citizens will have knowledge on means of income generation reminiscent of agriculture, barter and sustainable development. If the citizens of the Democratic Republic of Congo adhere to these recommendations it is my belief that they will not only overcome poverty but mount into a formidable epoch of this world.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, I firmly believe that the integration of effective welfare programs and social services in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is crucial to alleviating the suffering of its citizens. Social services are fundamental to maintaining the internal functions of a nation-state, including law enforcement, healthcare, and environmental organizations. These mechanisms play a vital role in promoting stability, security, and the well-being of the population.

The global community can significantly contribute to alleviating poverty, not just in the DRC, but across Africa as a whole, through increased support for charitable organizations and international aid agencies. With more funding, these institutions would be able to expand their outreach and enhance their impact, addressing poverty on a larger scale while also growing their capacity for recruitment and support.

Technological advancement also plays a key role in tackling poverty. In my view, by improving technology access, the Congolese people can find innovative and cost-effective ways to generate power, improve livelihoods, and ultimately escape the cycle of poverty. Supporting technological progress within the DRC will enable the population to harness local resources more efficiently and create sustainable economic growth.

Furthermore, to break the long-standing cycle of environmental, social, and industrial deficiencies, the government of the DRC should promote programs such as tree planting initiatives, adult literacy campaigns, and microloan schemes for rural villages. These programs could help address environmental degradation, improve educational outcomes, and empower communities to generate income and develop long-term sustainability.

Education, in particular, is a cornerstone of poverty alleviation. I believe that by promoting equal access to education for both boys and girls, the DRC will equip its citizens with the knowledge and skills necessary to pursue income-generating activities, including agriculture, barter trade, and other sustainable practices. By focusing on education, the government can ensure that the next generation of Congolese citizens has the tools needed to build a prosperous future.

If the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo adopt these recommendations, I am confident they will not only overcome poverty but also usher in a new era of progress and stability. The DRC has the potential to break free from its past and emerge as a thriving nation on the global stage, contributing to the wider prosperity of Africa and the world.

References

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